Women in China Background: pre-Mao Historically, Chinese women had been among the most repressed in the world. Imperial China had been a patriarchal society, Confucian ideals held that a woman must obey her husband: Loyalty of minister and officials to the emperor, respect of children from their parents, obediences of wives to their husbands Very …
Continue reading The impact of Mao’s policies on women and minorities
Literacy The PRC wanted to raise the education levels for China 1949: 20% literate 1950s: national system of primary educated established 1955: Mandarin language reform (pinyin - standardised) (80% used this) 1976: 70% literate Children’s Pioneer Corps, New Democratic Youth Leagues 1955: New, standard form of Mandarin adopted Before this, there was no one language …
The arts Cultural revolution, May 1966 - attack on “Four Olds” ⇒ ideas, customs, habits and traditions Only art that reflected the revolutionary spirit was accepted e.g. Daizhao, posters Depicted strong peasant, soldiers and workers Artists e.g. calligraphers, subject to humiliation, re-education and torture “Black painting” exhibitions of works that did not reflect the political …
Structure of government Highly centralised system of Party Control By 1949 - power rested within the CCP, dominated all political and administrative institution at every level 1960s - 18 million members of the CCP Party politics = Democratic Centralism, CCP “I will listen but my decision has to be obeyed” Local Party < National Party …
Early changes Agrarian Reform Law, June 1950 Sent CCP to countryside to redistribute land Taught peasants to identify social class “rich” “middle” “poor” People’s Courts, speak bitterness sessions ⇒ denounced ⇒ land confiscated (rich peasants) 47 million hectares of land redistributed, 300m peasants 2-4 million landlords killed and not many poor peasants had the expertise …
Persecution of the Jews in 1933 Boycotted Jewish businesses, banned from gov’t jobs, banned from inheriting land 1935 - banned from the army and restaurants Sept 1935 - Nuremberg Laws Not GM citizens, no right to vote or have passports = had identity cards for “J” and register all possessions Could not marry German citizens …
Continue reading Impact of policies on minorities in Nazi Germany
Background: pre-Hitler - Weimar republic was very progressive - encouraged women to express themselves, all sorts of freedom and equality Women over 20 yrs given the vote 20 females in Reichstag Women more likely to go out to work and work in professions, often paid equal to men More than 100,000 female teachers by 1933 …
Continue reading The impact of policies on women in Nazi Germany
January 1933: nine other non-Nazi members of the cabinet, all from conservative-nationalist backgrounds (army, industry, landowners) Hitler’s coalition government did not have a majority in the Reichstag, unable to introduce dramatic legislation, Hindenburg, as the president, has to power to sack Hitler Create a dictatorship in 2 months: Called for the new Reichstag elections after …
Policies on Education Indoctrination of young was undertaken to produce end products imbued with race consciousness of movement + absolute loyalty to regime Teaching of history used to promote greatness of Germany’s past → struggles of National Socialist movement to destroy “evil legacy” of degenerate Weimar Germanics → study of language and literature Aim of …
Arts Film industry fell under the control of the ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment Purge of producers, writers, actors of Jewish/liberal backgrounds after 1933 Reich Chamber of Culture and a Chamber of Visual Arts were established in September 1933 Artists were checked for reliability and had to be approved Book burning event, May 1933, …
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